30 September, 2019
Section 2 of the Wills Act 1959[1] defines a will as a declaration intended to have legal effect of the intentions of a testator with respect to his/her property or other matters which he/she desires to be carried into effect after his/her death. It includes a testament, a codicil and an appointment by will or by writing in the nature of a will in exercise of a power and a disposition by will or testament of the guardianship, custody and tuition of any child.
Only a non-Muslim can have a will under Malaysian law.
How does one create a valid will?
To create a valid will, a testator[2] must be of sound mind[3] and at least 18 years of age. No will made by any person under the age of majority shall be valid[4].
The formal validity of a will is determined by the provisions of the Wills Act[5]. No will shall be valid unless it is in writing and executed in the manner provided in section 5(2) of the Wills Act 1959[6].
To make a valid will, a testator must sign the will in the presence of at least two witnesses, who shall both subscribe the will in the presence of the testator[7]. An executor of a will can be a witness to the will as no person shall, on account of his/her being an executor of a will, be incompetent to be admitted as a witness to prove the execution of such will or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof[8].
However, a beneficiary or his/her spouse cannot be a witness to the will. No beneficiary or his/her spouse will be entitled to receive any devise, legacy, estate, interest, gift or appointment if the beneficiary or his/her spouse is the attesting witness to the will[9].
What are the benefits of having a will?
Below are some of the advantages of making a will:
However, if a person dies without leaving a will, that is, a person dies intestate, distribution of a deceased’s assets is governed by the Distribution Act 1958[10] which may not be reflective of the wishes of a deceased. Section 6 of the Distribution Act 1958is summarised in the table below:
No. | Scenarios | Distributions of the estate | ||
Parent/Parents | Spouse | Issue | ||
1. | Leaving a spouse but no issue and no parent/parents |
– | Whole | – |
2. | Leaving issue but no spouse and no parent/parents |
– | – | Whole |
3. | Leaving a parent/parents but no spouse and no issue |
Whole | – | – |
4. | Leaving no issue but a spouse and a parent/parents |
½ |
½ | – |
5. | Leaving a spouse and issue but no parent/parents |
– | ⅓ | ⅔ |
6. | Leaving issue and a parent/parents but no spouse |
⅓ | – | ⅔ |
7. | Leaving a spouse, issue and parent/ parents |
¼ | ¼ | ½ |
8. | Leaving no spouse, issue, parent/ parents |
The whole of the estate of the intestate will be distributed in the following order and manner:-
|
An executor is a person or institution appointed by the testator to carry out the terms of his/her will. By making a will, a testator is free to appoint trusted persons or institutions to be his/her executor. The testator may appoint up to four executors to jointly administer his/her estate[12].
A petition for letters of probate is filed where there is a valid will and the executor has been named in the will. The executor obtains authority or power from the will to conduct the affairs of the deceased upon the death of the deceased subject to production of probate if and when required.
If a person dies intestate, any person interested in the estate of the deceased may apply to become an administrator and the appointment of administrator lies within the discretion of the court as stated in Section 30 of the Probate and Administration Act 1959.
An administrator is a person to whom administration is granted[13]. Administration means, with reference to the estate of a deceased person, letters of administration issued by the court whether general or limited or with the will annexed or otherwise authorising the person therein named to administer the deceased person’s estate in accordance with law[14].
Generally, unless letters of administration have been obtained, there is no one who has power or authority to act on behalf of the deceased as the administrator’s authority or power stems from the grant of letters of administration.
Unless the court in any particular case otherwise orders:
- in the case of administrations, whether with or without will annexed, the person to whom the grant is made or on whose behalf it is sealed shall give security for the due administration of the estate;
- no security shall be required where gross value of the estate does not exceed RM50,000[15]. The security shall ordinarily be by bond in the prescribed form by the grantee and two sureties, in the amount at which the estate within the jurisdiction is sworn, without deduction of any debts due by the deceased, other than debts secured by mortgage or charge[16].
Conclusion
A will is therefore one of the best gifts one can leave for his/her loved ones.
For further information, please contact:
Alexis Yong Mey Ling, Shearn Delamore & Co
alexis.yong@shearndelamore.com
[1] Sections 1(2) of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346] provides that this Act shall apply to the States of West Malaysia only.
[2] A testator is any person who makes a will.
[3] Section 3 of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[4] Section 4 of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[5] Section 5 of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[6] Section 5(1) of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[7] Section 5(2) of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[8] Section 11 of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[9] Section 9 of the Wills Act 1959 [Act 346].
[10] Act 300 (Revised in 1983).
[11] Act 97 (Revised in 1972).
[12] Section 4(1) of the Probate and Administration Act 1959 [Act 97].
[13] Section 2 of the Probate and Administration Act 1959 [Act 97].
[14] Section 2 of the Probate and Administration Act 1959 [Act 97].
[15] Section 35(1) of the Probate and Administration Act 1959 [Act 97].
[16] Section 35(2) of the Probate and Administration Act 1959 [Act 97].