On 1 December 2025, the National Labor Relations Commission issued En Banc Resolution No. 09-25, approving and promulgating the 2025 NLRC Rules of Procedure. Published on 29 December 2025 and effective on 13 January 2026, the new Rules replace the 2011 NLRC Rules of Procedure, as amended, and introduce significant procedural reforms governing the filing, adjudication, appeal, and execution of labor cases before Labor Arbiters and the NLRC.
At the very outset, the 2025 Rules tighten the filing of labor complaints. All complainants are now required to personally sign the complaint and execute a verification and certification of non-forum shopping. This seemingly simple requirement reinforces accountability at the earliest stage of the proceedings. At the same time, the Rules expand the modes of filing and service by expressly allowing pleadings to be submitted through accredited courier services, in addition to personal filing and service and registered mail—an acknowledgment of practical realities and the need for efficiency.
The Rules also take a firmer stance on representation before the NLRC. While the long-standing rule which limited instances when non-lawyers may appear (such as self-representation, representation of a legitimate labor organization upon proper authority, or appearance through court- or IBP-accredited legal aid programs) is retained, the new Rules draw much clearer boundaries. Lawyers are expressly prohibited from delegating legal functions to non-lawyers, and non-lawyers are barred from acting as de facto counsel. Prohibited acts now expressly include accepting cases, giving legal advice, negotiating independently, appearing without authority, or signing correspondence containing legal opinions. Unauthorized appearances may result in direct contempt and expose the non-lawyer to civil, criminal, or administrative liability, with an express bar against claiming attorney’s fees or any form of contingency fee.
Important amendments were likewise introduced on venue and jurisdiction. Under the 2011 Rules, cases were required to be filed in the Regional Arbitration Branch having jurisdiction over the complainant’s workplace, defined as the place where the employee was regularly assigned at the time the cause of action arose. The 2025 Rules broaden the concept of “workplace” to reflect modern work arrangements, including telecommuting and flexible setups. Significantly, labor complaints may now, at the worker’s option, be filed in the RAB having jurisdiction over the complainant’s residence—a clear tilt toward accessibility and worker convenience.
The Rules also clarify that Labor Arbiters retain jurisdiction over disputes involving compromise agreements obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or coercion, addressing an area that has long been the subject of procedural skirmishes.
To curb delays at the jurisdictional stage, the 2025 Rules strengthen the service of summons. Recognized modes of service have been expanded, and summons may now be served through a lawyer who enters a special appearance and is deputized by the Labor Arbiter to effect personal service—an innovation designed to prevent early procedural bottlenecks.
Proceedings before the Labor Arbiter are likewise given clearer structure. The Mandatory Conciliation and Mediation Conference is now expressly divided into two stages: first, conciliation and mediation to encourage amicable settlement; and second, the conference proper, which focuses on defining the real parties-in-interest, simplifying issues, securing admissions and stipulations, and addressing other preliminary matters to ensure orderly case disposition.
The Rules also spell out the consequences of failing to file a position paper. If the complainant fails to submit one while the respondent does, the complaint may be dismissed without prejudice, unless otherwise declared. A second failure, however, results in dismissal with prejudice. If it is the respondent who fails to file, such failure is deemed a waiver, and the case shall be resolved based on the evidence on record.
On appeal, the Rules adopt a more exacting approach. Failure to comply with any requirement for perfecting an appeal now results in outright dismissal, and filing an appeal in the wrong office does not toll the appeal period, regardless of good faith. At the same time, flexibility is introduced in the payment of appeal and other lawful fees through NLRC-authorized banking institutions.
Finally, execution of judgments is decisively strengthened. Issuance of a writ of execution upon finality of judgment is clarified as a ministerial duty, writs may be served anywhere in the Philippines, and uncontested portions of judgments may be executed without delay even if other portions are under review. Taken together, the 2025 NLRC Rules reflect a deliberate effort to make labor adjudication more disciplined, efficient, and effective. By streamlining procedures from filing to execution, the NLRC addresses long-standing sources of delay while preserving the system’s non-litigious character. In the end, the message is clear: labor rights mean little if judgments remain trapped in procedure rather than carried through to prompt and faithful enforcement.
