11 October, 2018
Amidst calls from the public to amend the Employment Act 1955 (“Act”) due to concerns about the inadequacy of the protections afforded under the law, the Ministry of Human Resources has finally released a list of proposed amendments, and is currently inviting members of the public to provide feedback on the proposals.
Here is a summary of some of the main changes to the Act that the Ministry is proposing. This article is based on the proposals released by the Ministry as at 4 October 2018 and may not address changes or amendments made to the proposals after this date.
Application of the Act
The proposals include making the Act apply to all employees, irrespective of the wages they earn or their job scope. Currently, only certain employees are covered under the Act, mainly those whose monthly wages do not exceed RM2,000.00 or those engaged in manual labour.
However, under the new proposals, certain provisions of the Act will not apply to employees earning more than RM5,000, such as hours of work, retrenchment benefits, and payment for working on a public holiday.
Definition of an employee
The proposals seek to make it clearer to determine whether a particular person is an employee or an independent contractor. A person will be presumed to be an employee if, among others:
- the manner of work is subject to the control or direction of the other person;
- the particular hours of work are subject to the control or direction of the other person;
- the person’s work constitute integral part of the other person’s business;
- the work is performed solely or mainly for the benefit of the other person;
- the person is provided with tools, raw materials or work equipment by the other person.
The current Act does not explicitly spell out the factors that must be considered in determining whether a person is an employee, but instead (unhelpfully) just refers to employees as those under a “contract of service” without explaining much further. Whether a person is an employee (as opposed to an independent contractor) is sometimes the subject of contention as it determines whether an employer is liable to provide certain employment benefits. The inclusion of this presumption will aid in the legal determination of the individual’s employment status.
Anti-discrimination
The proposals seek to expressly prohibit employers from discriminating job seekers or employees on the grounds of gender, religion, race, disability, language, marital status and pregnancy:
in determining who should be offered employment including advertisement of the vacancy; or
in the terms or conditions on which employment is offered.
There are no similar anti-discrimination provisions under the current Act.
Job Carnivals
The proposed amendments require an approval to be obtained from the Director General before a job fair or carnival can be organised, failing which a fine of up to RM10,000.00 may be imposed. “Job fair or carnival” in this context is where someone organises a programme to recruit job seekers for more than one employer. As such, those affected will likely be service providers like headhunters and recruitment agencies. An employer is not required to obtain approval from the Director General if he wants to organise a job fair / carnival to fill up vacancies in his establishment.
The current Act does not address the issue of job fairs or job carnivals.
Protection/rights of pregnant employees
Under the proposed amendment, pregnant employees would be:
- entitled to 98 days of paid maternity leave (raised from 60 to 98 days);
- protected from termination during maternity leave and on the ground of pregnancy (currently, there is only a prohibition against termination of employment during maternity leave except on grounds of closure of business. There is no specific prohibition against terminating employees on the ground of pregnancy).
Liability of principals
Currently, companies (termed as “principals” in this context) may be made jointly and severally liable to pay the wages of their contractor/subcontractor’s employees (as if that employee had been immediately employed by the principal and by the contractor/sub-contractor) where:
- the contractor/subcontractor is engaged to carry out the whole or any part of their work;
- such wages are due by the contractor/subcontractor for work done in the course of the performance of the contract.
Under the proposed amendment, principals would be similarly liable where a contractor for labour (or commonly known as outsourcing companies) is involved.
Flexible working arrangement
The proposed amendments expressly allow employees to have “flexible working arrangements”. Employees who require flexible working arrangement may make a request to their employer who shall consider the request not later than 1 month from the date of such request, and shall notify the decision in writing to the employee. Nevertheless, the proposed amendment only requires employers to consider the employee’s request, and allows employers to refuse such it on several grounds, among which include:
- inability to reorganise work among employees;
- inability to recruit additional employee;
- detrimental impact on quality;
- detrimental impact on performance;
- burden of additional costs.
Currently, the Act neither prohibits nor allows flexible working arrangements.
Sexual harassment
Under the proposed amendment, employers can no longer refuse to inquire into any complaint of sexual harassment. The current Act allows employers to refuse to inquire into complaints of sexual harassment if the complaint of sexual harassment has previously been inquired into and no sexual harassment has been proven, or the employer is of the opinion that the complaint of sexual harassment is frivolous, vexatious or is not made in good faith.
The proposed amendments also require employers to have a written code of prevention of sexual harassment and have it placed in a conspicuous area. There is no such requirement in the current Act.
Removal of certain prohibitions involving female employees
Female employees under the current Act are prohibited from being employed in any underground working, or be required by employers to work in industrial or agricultural undertaking at certain hours at night (between the hours of 10 o’clock in the evening and 5 o’clock in the morning). The proposed amendments seek to remove this prohibition.
The removal of such prohibition under the proposed amendments is presumably on equality grounds; that female employees should not be treated as a vulnerable group requiring special protection.
Domestic Employees
The proposed amendments seek to change the references to “domestic servants” to “domestic employees”, presumably to address the concerns that the label “domestic servant” is outdated and degrading, and contributes to negative stereotyping.
Commentary
As the proposed amendments are currently only at the public consultation stage, it is unclear when the proposed amendments will be tabled in parliament, or how many of them will be passed as law. It is hoped that the law is given due scrutiny and reviewed regularly to reflect changing times and the needs of the society.
Although there are some noticeable gaps in the proposed amendments, such as the exclusion of sexual orientation in the list of prohibited grounds for discrimination, some of the changes, if passed by Parliament, would bring our laws closer in line with international practice in terms of protection of employment rights.
What is obvious is that the proposed amendments, if passed in their current form, will have a significant impact on the way employers run their businesses. The increased applicability of the Act will mean that employers will have to review the terms and conditions of employment for all their employees to ensure compliance with the new requirements. Businesses should also expect to see a significant increase in operating costs, since a larger pool of employees could potentially be entitled to additional benefits such as overtime. This could have the unintended effect of making some employees “too expensive to keep”.
For further information, please contact:
Donovan Cheah, Partner, Donovan & Ho
donovan@dnh.com.my
